The decimal number 10 is a 1 in the "tens place" and a zero in the "ones place".Įleven is a 1 in the "tens place" and a 1 in the "ones place". In the "tens place" and then starting over again using our 10 digits. Of the decimal digits (9), we use two digits to count by putting a digit Thing we count, we go to the next decimal digit. Think for a minute how we count in decimal. Integer numbers are represented by counting in binary. Instruction to the computer like "move to memory", and other kinds of data too. Part of a sound, the 67th level of darkness for a dot in a picture, an Represents depends on how the computer uses the byte.Ĭan represent the integer 67, the character 'C', the 67th decibel level for a
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Here is an important thing to keep in mind:Ī single byte can represent many different kinds of data. Older personal computers may hold only 640K bytes in newer machines, memory may hold anywhere fromġMB to 32MB and more. Sometimes express memory amounts in terms of gigabytes (abbreviated GB) a gigabyte is Megabyte, abbreviated MB, means, roughly, one million bytes. Memory capacity may also be expressed in terms of megabytes (1024x1024 bytes). Thus, the memory of a 640K computer can store 640x1024, orĦ55,360 bytes. $30K last year.") A kilobyte is 1024 bytes. (Sometimes K is used casually to mean 1000, as in "I earned Kilo represents 2 to the tenth power, orġ024. The number of bytes can be expressed as kilobytes. With eight switches as shown in Figure 3.Ĭomputer manufacturers express the capacity of memory and storage in terms of the number of bytes it can In the following table, we see that bits can be grouped togetherįor several reasons which we do not go into here, computer designersīytes as the basic unit of data. Thus, one bit canīe implemented by one switch, as shown in Figure 2. One binary digit (0 or 1) is referred to as a bit, which The development of integratedĬircuits in the 1960s allowed millions of transistors to be fabricated onĪ silicon chip - which allowed millions of switches on something the size of It allowedĪ switch to be the size of a human finger nail. In theġ950's the transistor was invented (and won its inventors a Noble Prize). Originally, a switch was a vacuum tube, about the size of a human thumb. Binary has two digits to do the counting: 0 and 1 -Ī natural fit to the two states of a switch (0 = OFF, 1 = ON).Īs you can read about in the part of this course onĮvolution of how switches were built made computers faster, cheaper, and smaller. The computer has switches to represent data and switches One probable reason is that we have ten fingers We have all learned toĬount using ten digits: 0-9.
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Computers do this representation using a binary coding system.īinary is a mathematical number system: a way of counting. To process real-world data in the computer, we need a way to represent the data in The computer does have some mechanical parts, likeĭrive (which are often the sources for computer failures), but the internal data processingĪnd storage is electronic, which is fast and reliable (as long as the computerįlow through switches: if the switch is closed, the electricity flows if the switch Electricity is plentiful, moves very fast through wires, and electrical parts fail less much The computer uses electricity, not mechanical parts, for Represented in switches, as shown in Figure 1.įigure 1: Representing Real-World Data In The Computer We want in the computer and convert it into the kind of data that can be The trick is to take all of the real-world sound, picture, number etc data that Millions of them - but really nothing much more complicated than a switch. See on modern computers is all constructed from simple ON/OFF switches. In fact, all of the wonderful multi-media that we You might think that this amazing machine is also amazingly complicated. We can build a replica of parts of our world inside the computer. Kinds of sounds, pictures, graphics, numbers, and text. We have all seen computers do seemingly miraculous things with all